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The Academy's Evolution Site

The concept of biological evolution is a fundamental concept in biology. The Academies are committed to helping those who are interested in the sciences learn about the theory of evolution and how it can be applied in all areas of scientific research.

This site provides a range of tools for teachers, students, and general readers on evolution. It contains key video clips from NOVA and WGBH produced science programs on DVD.

Tree of Life

The Tree of Life, an ancient symbol, symbolizes the interconnectedness of all life. It is a symbol of love and harmony in a variety of cultures. It also has important practical uses, like providing a framework to understand the history of species and how they react to changes in environmental conditions.

Early attempts to describe the world of biology were based on categorizing organisms based on their physical and metabolic characteristics. These methods, which rely on the sampling of different parts of living organisms or on sequences of small fragments of their DNA significantly expanded the diversity that could be represented in the tree of life2. The trees are mostly composed by eukaryotes, and bacterial diversity is vastly underrepresented3,4.

Genetic techniques have greatly broadened our ability to depict the Tree of Life by circumventing the need for direct observation and experimentation. Trees can be constructed using molecular techniques like the small-subunit ribosomal gene.

The Tree of Life has been greatly expanded thanks to genome sequencing. However there is still a lot of biodiversity to be discovered. This is particularly the case for microorganisms which are difficult to cultivate, and which are usually only present in a single sample5. Recent analysis of all genomes produced a rough draft of the Tree of Life. This includes a wide range of archaea, bacteria and other organisms that have not yet been isolated, or whose diversity has not been thoroughly understood6.

The expanded Tree of Life is particularly useful in assessing the diversity of an area, helping to determine if specific habitats require special protection. This information can be used in a range of ways, from identifying the most effective medicines to combating disease to enhancing crop yields. It is also useful for conservation efforts. It helps biologists discover areas that are most likely to have cryptic species, which may have important metabolic functions, and could be susceptible to the effects of human activity. While conservation funds are important, the best way to conserve the biodiversity of the world is to equip the people of developing nations with the information they require to take action locally and encourage conservation.

Phylogeny

A phylogeny, also known as an evolutionary tree, reveals the relationships between different groups of organisms. By using molecular information as well as morphological similarities and distinctions or ontogeny (the course of development of an organism), scientists can build a phylogenetic tree that illustrates the evolutionary relationship between taxonomic groups. The role of phylogeny is crucial in understanding the relationship between genetics, biodiversity and evolution.

A basic phylogenetic Tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 ) is a method of identifying the relationships between organisms that share similar traits that evolved from common ancestors. These shared traits can be analogous or homologous. Homologous traits share their underlying evolutionary path, while analogous traits look like they do, but don't have the same origins. Scientists group similar traits together into a grouping referred to as a clade. For instance, 에볼루션 룰렛 (https://evolution-korea44166.bloggadores.com/31700191/the-history-of-evolution-casino-in-10-milestones) all the organisms in a clade share the characteristic of having amniotic egg and evolved from a common ancestor which had these eggs. The clades are then linked to form a phylogenetic branch to determine which organisms have the closest relationship to.

To create a more thorough and accurate phylogenetic tree, scientists use molecular data from DNA or RNA to identify the relationships between organisms. This data is more precise than the morphological data and gives evidence of the evolutionary history of an organism or group. Researchers can use Molecular Data to estimate the evolutionary age of organisms and identify how many species share a common ancestor.

The phylogenetic relationships of organisms can be affected by a variety of factors, including phenotypic flexibility, an aspect of behavior that changes in response to specific environmental conditions. This can cause a characteristic to appear more similar to one species than another, clouding the phylogenetic signal. However, this issue can be cured by the use of techniques such as cladistics that include a mix of similar and homologous traits into the tree.

In addition, 에볼루션 룰렛 phylogenetics can aid in predicting the time and pace of speciation. This information can assist conservation biologists make decisions about which species to protect from extinction. In the end, it's the conservation of phylogenetic variety which will create an ecosystem that is balanced and complete.

Evolutionary Theory

The central theme in evolution is that organisms change over time as a result of their interactions with their environment. Many scientists have developed theories of evolution, including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-274), who believed that a living thing would evolve according to its individual needs, the Swedish taxonomist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778), who created the modern hierarchical taxonomy and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1844-1829), who suggested that the usage or non-use of certain traits can result in changes that can be passed on to future generations.

In the 1930s and 1940s, theories from a variety of fields -- including natural selection, genetics, and particulate inheritance -- came together to form the current evolutionary theory synthesis, which defines how evolution occurs through the variations of genes within a population and how these variants change over time as a result of natural selection. This model, which is known as genetic drift, mutation, gene flow, and sexual selection, is the foundation of the current evolutionary biology and is mathematically described.

Recent developments in the field of evolutionary developmental biology have shown that variation can be introduced into a species by mutation, genetic drift, and reshuffling of genes during sexual reproduction, and also through the movement of populations. These processes, in conjunction with other ones like directionally-selected selection and erosion of genes (changes in frequency of genotypes over time), can lead towards evolution. Evolution is defined as changes in the genome over time as well as changes in the phenotype (the expression of genotypes within individuals).

Students can better understand the concept of phylogeny through incorporating evolutionary thinking throughout all aspects of biology. A recent study by Grunspan and 에볼루션 룰렛 colleagues, for example demonstrated that teaching about the evidence supporting evolution increased students' acceptance of evolution in a college biology class. For more information on how to teach about evolution read The Evolutionary Potential in All Areas of Biology or Thinking Evolutionarily as a Framework for Integrating Evolution into Life Sciences Education.

Evolution in Action

Scientists have studied evolution through looking back in the past, studying fossils, and comparing species. They also observe living organisms. But evolution isn't a thing that occurred in the past; it's an ongoing process taking place today. Viruses reinvent themselves to avoid new medications and bacteria mutate to resist antibiotics. Animals alter their behavior because of the changing environment. The results are often evident.

It wasn't until late 1980s when biologists began to realize that natural selection was also at work. The key to this is that different traits can confer an individual rate of survival and reproduction, and can be passed on from generation to generation.

In the past when one particular allele - the genetic sequence that controls coloration - was present in a group of interbreeding organisms, it could quickly become more common than the other alleles. In time, this could mean that the number of moths that have black pigmentation may increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and 에볼루션 게이밍바카라사이트 [evolutionfreeexperience60545.qodsblog.com] behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.

It is easier to track evolutionary change when the species, like bacteria, has a rapid generation turnover. Since 1988 biologist Richard Lenski has been tracking twelve populations of E. bacteria that descend from a single strain. samples of each population are taken regularly and more than 500.000 generations have passed.

Lenski's research has demonstrated that mutations can alter the rate of change and the rate of a population's reproduction. It also demonstrates that evolution takes time--a fact that some people find hard to accept.

Microevolution is also evident in the fact that mosquito genes for resistance to pesticides are more prevalent in populations that have used insecticides. That's because the use of pesticides creates a selective pressure that favors those who have resistant genotypes.

The rapidity of evolution has led to an increasing awareness of its significance particularly in a world which is largely shaped by human activities. This includes the effects of climate change, pollution and habitat loss, which prevents many species from adapting. Understanding the evolution process can assist you in making better choices about the future of our planet and its inhabitants.