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Study of Chinese Learners' Pedagogical Choices in Korean
CLKs' awareness and ability to draw on relational affordances as well as learning-internal factors, were significant. For instance the RIs of TS and ZL both cited their local professor relationships as a major factor in their decision to avoid criticising an uncompromising professor (see example 2).
This article examines all local pragmatic research on Korean published up to 2020. It focuses on the practical core topics such as:
Discourse Construction Tests (DCTs)
The test for discourse completion (DCT) is a widely used instrument in the field of pragmatic research. It has many advantages however, it also has its disadvantages. For instance, the DCT is unable to account for cultural and personal differences in communicative behavior. Additionally the DCT can be biased and can lead to overgeneralizations. As a result, it is important to analyze it carefully prior to using it for research or for assessment purposes.
Despite its limitations, the DCT can be a useful instrument to study the connection between prosody, information structure and non-native speakers. Its ability in two or more stages to manipulate social variables that affect politeness could be a benefit. This characteristic can be utilized to study the role of prosody across cultural contexts.
In the field of linguistics DCT is one of the most effective tools for analyzing communication behaviors of learners. It can be used to study numerous issues, like politeness, turn-taking, and lexical choices. It can be used to evaluate the phonological difficulty of learners' speech.
Recent research used the DCT as a tool to assess the ability to resist of EFL students. Participants were presented with various scenarios and 프라그마틱 무료스핀 were required to choose a suitable response from the options provided. The researchers found the DCT to be more effective than other refusal methods like videos or questionnaires. However, they cautioned that the DCT should be used with caution and should include other data collection methods.
DCTs are usually developed with specific linguistic criteria in mind, like the content and the form. These criteria are based on intuition and based upon the assumptions of test designers. They may not be correct, and they could misrepresent the way that ELF learners actually refuse requests in real-world interaction. This issue calls for more research on alternative methods of assessing refusal competency.
In a recent research study, DCT responses to student inquiries via email were compared with those from an oral DCT. The results showed that DCTs favored more direct and conventionally indirect request forms and used hints less than email data.
Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs)
This study examined Chinese learners' choices in their use of Korean using a variety of experimental tools, such as Discourse Completion Tasks (DCTs) Metapragmatic Questionnaires, Refusal Interviews (RIs). Participants were 46 CLKs at the upper-intermediate who participated in MQs, DCTs, and RIs. They were also asked for reflections on their evaluations and their refusals to participate in RIs. The results showed that CLKs often chose to resist native Korean norms of pragmatism. Their decisions were influenced primarily by four factors: their personalities and multilingual identities, their ongoing lives, as well as their relationship affordances. These findings have pedagogical implications for L2 Korean assessment.
The MQ data were analysed to determine the participants' choices in terms of their pragmatics. The data were categorized according to Ishihara's (2010) definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, the choices were compared to their linguistic performance on the DCTs to determine whether they were a reflection of pragmatic resistance or not. Interviewees were also required to explain the reasons for choosing the pragmatic approach in certain situations.
The results of the MQs, DCTs and z-tests were analyzed with descriptive statistics and Z tests. The CLKs were discovered to use euphemistic words like "sorry" or "thank you". This was probably due to their lack of experience with the target languages, leading to an insufficient understanding of the korean pragmatic norms. The results showed that CLKs' preferences to diverge from L1 and 2 norms or to be more convergent toward L1 differed based on the DCT circumstances. In Situations 3 and 12 CLKs preferred diverging from both L1pragmatic norms and L2 norms, while in Situation 14, CLKs preferred convergence to L1 norms.
The RIs also revealed that CLKs were aware of their pragmatism in every DCT situation. The RIs were conducted one-to-one basis in the space of two days of the participants completing the MQs. The RIs were recorded and transcribing, and then coded by two coders from different companies. The coding was an iterative process, where the coders read and discussed each transcript. The results of the coding process were compared to the original RI transcripts, which gave an indication of how well the RIs were able to capture the fundamental behaviors.
Refusal Interviews (RIs)
A key question of pragmatic research is the reason why learners are hesitant to adhere to native-speaker pragmatic norms. Recent research has attempted to answer this question by using several experimental tools, 프라그마틱 슬롯 환수율 [https://weheardit.stream/story.Php?title=10-quick-tips-about-pragmatic-5] including DCTs MQs and RIs. Participants included 44 CLKs and 46 CNSs from five Korean Universities. They were required to complete the DCTs in their first language and complete the MQs in either their L1 or L2. They were then invited to an RI where they were required to reflect and discuss their responses to each DCT scenario.
The results showed that on average, the CLKs rejected native-speaker pragmatic norms in more than 40% of their responses. They did this despite the fact that they could produce native-like patterns. Furthermore, they were clearly conscious of their own pragmatism. They attributed their choices to learner-internal factors such as their identities, personalities and identities that are multilingual, as well as ongoing lives. They also referred external factors, like relational advantages. They also discussed, for instance, 프라그마틱 무료스핀 how their relationships with their professors allowed them to function more easily in terms of the cultural and linguistic expectations of their university.
However, the interviewees also expressed concern about the social pressures and punishments that they might face if they flouted their social norms. They were worried that their native friends would perceive them as "foreigners" and believe they are incompetent. This concern was similar in nature to that expressed by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009).
These results suggest that native-speaker pragmatic norms are not the preferred choice of Korean learners. They may remain useful as a model for official Korean proficiency tests. But it would be prudent for future researchers to reconsider their applicability in specific situations and in various cultural contexts. This will help them better understand the effects of different cultural environments on the classroom behavior 프라그마틱 무료스핀 and interactions of students from L2. Furthermore, this will help educators develop more effective methodologies for teaching and 프라그마틱 정품 testing the korea-based pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi is principal advisor to Stratways Group, a geopolitical risk consulting firm based in Seoul.
Case Studies
The case study method is a method that focuses on deep, participatory investigations to investigate a specific topic. This method utilizes multiple data sources, such as interviews, observations, and documents to support its findings. This kind of research is useful for examining unique or complex subjects that are difficult to quantify with other methods.
In a case study, the first step is to define the subject as well as the objectives of the study. This will help determine what aspects of the subject are important for research and which are best left out. It is also beneficial to study the research to gain a broad understanding of the subject and put the issue in a larger theoretical context.
This study was conducted on an open source platform, the KMMLU leaderboard [50], and its Korean-specific benchmarks, HyperCLOVA X and LDCC-Solar (figure 1 below). The results of this experiment revealed that L2 Korean learners were highly vulnerable to the influence of native models. They tended to select wrong answer choices that were literal interpretations of prompts, deviating from accurate pragmatic inference. They also showed a distinct tendency of adding their own text or "garbage" to their responses. This further reduced the quality of their responses.
The participants of this study were L2 Korean students who had achieved level four on the Test of Proficiency in Korean TOPIK in their second or third university year and were aiming to reach level six by their next attempt. They were asked to answer questions regarding their WTC/SPCC, as well as pragmatic awareness and comprehension.
The interviewees were given two scenarios, each of which involved an imaginary interaction with their interlocutors and asked to choose one of the following strategies to employ when making an inquiry. They were then asked to provide the reasons behind their decision. The majority of the participants attributed their pragmatic resistance to their personality. For example, 프라그마틱 슬롯 팁 TS claimed that she was difficult to connect to, and therefore did not want to inquire about the health of her interlocutors despite having an intense workload despite her belief that native Koreans would do this.
CLKs' awareness and ability to draw on relational affordances as well as learning-internal factors, were significant. For instance the RIs of TS and ZL both cited their local professor relationships as a major factor in their decision to avoid criticising an uncompromising professor (see example 2).
This article examines all local pragmatic research on Korean published up to 2020. It focuses on the practical core topics such as:
Discourse Construction Tests (DCTs)
The test for discourse completion (DCT) is a widely used instrument in the field of pragmatic research. It has many advantages however, it also has its disadvantages. For instance, the DCT is unable to account for cultural and personal differences in communicative behavior. Additionally the DCT can be biased and can lead to overgeneralizations. As a result, it is important to analyze it carefully prior to using it for research or for assessment purposes.
Despite its limitations, the DCT can be a useful instrument to study the connection between prosody, information structure and non-native speakers. Its ability in two or more stages to manipulate social variables that affect politeness could be a benefit. This characteristic can be utilized to study the role of prosody across cultural contexts.
In the field of linguistics DCT is one of the most effective tools for analyzing communication behaviors of learners. It can be used to study numerous issues, like politeness, turn-taking, and lexical choices. It can be used to evaluate the phonological difficulty of learners' speech.
Recent research used the DCT as a tool to assess the ability to resist of EFL students. Participants were presented with various scenarios and 프라그마틱 무료스핀 were required to choose a suitable response from the options provided. The researchers found the DCT to be more effective than other refusal methods like videos or questionnaires. However, they cautioned that the DCT should be used with caution and should include other data collection methods.
DCTs are usually developed with specific linguistic criteria in mind, like the content and the form. These criteria are based on intuition and based upon the assumptions of test designers. They may not be correct, and they could misrepresent the way that ELF learners actually refuse requests in real-world interaction. This issue calls for more research on alternative methods of assessing refusal competency.
In a recent research study, DCT responses to student inquiries via email were compared with those from an oral DCT. The results showed that DCTs favored more direct and conventionally indirect request forms and used hints less than email data.
Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs)
This study examined Chinese learners' choices in their use of Korean using a variety of experimental tools, such as Discourse Completion Tasks (DCTs) Metapragmatic Questionnaires, Refusal Interviews (RIs). Participants were 46 CLKs at the upper-intermediate who participated in MQs, DCTs, and RIs. They were also asked for reflections on their evaluations and their refusals to participate in RIs. The results showed that CLKs often chose to resist native Korean norms of pragmatism. Their decisions were influenced primarily by four factors: their personalities and multilingual identities, their ongoing lives, as well as their relationship affordances. These findings have pedagogical implications for L2 Korean assessment.
The MQ data were analysed to determine the participants' choices in terms of their pragmatics. The data were categorized according to Ishihara's (2010) definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, the choices were compared to their linguistic performance on the DCTs to determine whether they were a reflection of pragmatic resistance or not. Interviewees were also required to explain the reasons for choosing the pragmatic approach in certain situations.
The results of the MQs, DCTs and z-tests were analyzed with descriptive statistics and Z tests. The CLKs were discovered to use euphemistic words like "sorry" or "thank you". This was probably due to their lack of experience with the target languages, leading to an insufficient understanding of the korean pragmatic norms. The results showed that CLKs' preferences to diverge from L1 and 2 norms or to be more convergent toward L1 differed based on the DCT circumstances. In Situations 3 and 12 CLKs preferred diverging from both L1pragmatic norms and L2 norms, while in Situation 14, CLKs preferred convergence to L1 norms.
The RIs also revealed that CLKs were aware of their pragmatism in every DCT situation. The RIs were conducted one-to-one basis in the space of two days of the participants completing the MQs. The RIs were recorded and transcribing, and then coded by two coders from different companies. The coding was an iterative process, where the coders read and discussed each transcript. The results of the coding process were compared to the original RI transcripts, which gave an indication of how well the RIs were able to capture the fundamental behaviors.
Refusal Interviews (RIs)
A key question of pragmatic research is the reason why learners are hesitant to adhere to native-speaker pragmatic norms. Recent research has attempted to answer this question by using several experimental tools, 프라그마틱 슬롯 환수율 [https://weheardit.stream/story.Php?title=10-quick-tips-about-pragmatic-5] including DCTs MQs and RIs. Participants included 44 CLKs and 46 CNSs from five Korean Universities. They were required to complete the DCTs in their first language and complete the MQs in either their L1 or L2. They were then invited to an RI where they were required to reflect and discuss their responses to each DCT scenario.
The results showed that on average, the CLKs rejected native-speaker pragmatic norms in more than 40% of their responses. They did this despite the fact that they could produce native-like patterns. Furthermore, they were clearly conscious of their own pragmatism. They attributed their choices to learner-internal factors such as their identities, personalities and identities that are multilingual, as well as ongoing lives. They also referred external factors, like relational advantages. They also discussed, for instance, 프라그마틱 무료스핀 how their relationships with their professors allowed them to function more easily in terms of the cultural and linguistic expectations of their university.
However, the interviewees also expressed concern about the social pressures and punishments that they might face if they flouted their social norms. They were worried that their native friends would perceive them as "foreigners" and believe they are incompetent. This concern was similar in nature to that expressed by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009).
These results suggest that native-speaker pragmatic norms are not the preferred choice of Korean learners. They may remain useful as a model for official Korean proficiency tests. But it would be prudent for future researchers to reconsider their applicability in specific situations and in various cultural contexts. This will help them better understand the effects of different cultural environments on the classroom behavior 프라그마틱 무료스핀 and interactions of students from L2. Furthermore, this will help educators develop more effective methodologies for teaching and 프라그마틱 정품 testing the korea-based pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi is principal advisor to Stratways Group, a geopolitical risk consulting firm based in Seoul.
Case Studies
The case study method is a method that focuses on deep, participatory investigations to investigate a specific topic. This method utilizes multiple data sources, such as interviews, observations, and documents to support its findings. This kind of research is useful for examining unique or complex subjects that are difficult to quantify with other methods.
In a case study, the first step is to define the subject as well as the objectives of the study. This will help determine what aspects of the subject are important for research and which are best left out. It is also beneficial to study the research to gain a broad understanding of the subject and put the issue in a larger theoretical context.
This study was conducted on an open source platform, the KMMLU leaderboard [50], and its Korean-specific benchmarks, HyperCLOVA X and LDCC-Solar (figure 1 below). The results of this experiment revealed that L2 Korean learners were highly vulnerable to the influence of native models. They tended to select wrong answer choices that were literal interpretations of prompts, deviating from accurate pragmatic inference. They also showed a distinct tendency of adding their own text or "garbage" to their responses. This further reduced the quality of their responses.
The participants of this study were L2 Korean students who had achieved level four on the Test of Proficiency in Korean TOPIK in their second or third university year and were aiming to reach level six by their next attempt. They were asked to answer questions regarding their WTC/SPCC, as well as pragmatic awareness and comprehension.
The interviewees were given two scenarios, each of which involved an imaginary interaction with their interlocutors and asked to choose one of the following strategies to employ when making an inquiry. They were then asked to provide the reasons behind their decision. The majority of the participants attributed their pragmatic resistance to their personality. For example, 프라그마틱 슬롯 팁 TS claimed that she was difficult to connect to, and therefore did not want to inquire about the health of her interlocutors despite having an intense workload despite her belief that native Koreans would do this.
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