Jethro Tull (Agriculturist) > 자유게시판

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Jethro Tull (baptised 30 March 1674 - 21 February 1741, New Style) was an English agriculturist from Berkshire who helped to convey about the British Agricultural Revolution of the 18th century. He perfected a horse-drawn seed drill in 1701 that economically sowed the seeds in neat rows, and later developed a horse-drawn hoe. Tull's strategies were adopted by many landowners and helped to offer the idea for modern agriculture. Tull was in all probability born in Basildon, Berkshire, to Jethro Tull, Sr, and his wife Dorothy, née Buckeridge. He was baptised there on 30 March 1674. He grew up in Bradfield, Berkshire and matriculated at St John's College, Oxford, at the age of 17. He educated for the authorized career, however seems to not have taken a degree. He became a member of Staple Inn, and was referred to as to the bar on eleven December 1693 by the benchers of Gray's Inn. Tull married Susanna Smith of Burton Dassett, Warwickshire.

They settled on his father's farm at Howberry, near Crowmarsh Gifford, Oxfordshire, the place they had one son and two daughters. Soon after his call to the bar, Tull became in poor health with a pulmonary disorder and travelled to Europe seeking a cure. He was for a substantial interval at Montpellier in the south of France. During his tour, Tull carefully compared the agriculture of France and Italy with that of his own country, and omitted no occasion to observe and notice every little thing which supported his own views and discoveries. On multiple occasion, he alluded in his work to the similarity of his personal horse-hoe husbandry to the follow adopted by the vine-dressers of the south of Europe in continually hoeing or free sex otherwise stirring their ground. Finding that they did not approve of dunging their vineyards, Tull readily adduced the actual fact in favour of his own favourite idea: that manuring soil is an unnecessary operation. St Bartholomew's Church, Lower Basildon, Berkshire (now redundant), the place he had been baptised.

In his travels, Tull discovered himself searching for extra data of agriculture. Influenced by the early Age of Enlightenment, he is considered to be one of the early proponents of a scientific - and particularly empirical - approach to agriculture. He helped transform agricultural practices by inventing or bettering quite a few implements. Tull made early advances in planting crops together with his invention of the seed drill (1701) - a mechanical seeder that sowed efficiently at the right depth and spacing and then covered the seed in order that it could grow. Before the introduction of the seed drill, the widespread practice was to plant seeds by broadcasting (evenly throwing) them throughout the bottom by hand on the ready soil and then flippantly harrowing the soil to bury the seeds to the proper depth. In his 1731 publication, Tull described how the motivation for growing the seed-drill arose from battle with his servants. He had struggled to enforce his new methods upon them, in part because they resisted the risk to their position as labourers and their talent with the plough.

Tull invented some machinery for the purpose of finishing up his system of drill husbandry, about 1733. His first invention was a drill-plough to sow wheat and turnip seed in drills, three rows at a time. There were two boxes for the seed, and these, with the coulters, were positioned one set behind the opposite, so that two types of seed may be sown at the identical time. A harrow to cover in the seed was attached behind. Tull also invented a turnip-drill somewhat just like the opposite normally arrangement, however of lighter building. The feeding spout was so organized as to hold one half of the seed backwards after the earth had fallen into the channel; a harrow was pinned to the beam; and by this association one half of the seed would spring up sooner than the other, allowing part to flee the turnip fly. When fascinating to turn the machine, the harrow was to be lifted and the feeding would stop.

The manner of delivering the seeds to the funnels in each the above drills was by notched barrels, and Tull was the primary to make use of cavities within the surfaces of stable cylinders for the feeding. Tull considered soil to be the only real meals of plants. Tull wrote with enthusiasm and carried his admiration of the powers of the earth to assist vegetation too far; he was deceived, the truth is, by the results of his finely pulverising system of tillage, and didn't sufficiently attend to the truth that there are many different substances within the generally cultivated soils of the farmer in addition to the earths, and that so far from their being all the time the chief constituents of the soil, they very often kind the smallest portion of even a extremely productive subject. That the four earths of which all cultivated soils are composed are all the required food or constituents of vegetables has, long since Tull wrote, been determined by correct investigations of chemists.