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Study of Chinese Learners' Pedagogical Choices in Korean
In addition to the learner-internal aspects CLKs' awareness of their own resistance to change and the relational affordances they were able to draw from were significant. For instance the RIs from TS and ZL both have cited their relationships with their local professors as a major reason for them to choose to avoid criticising an uncompromising professor (see the second example).
This article reviews all local pragmatic research on Korean published up to 2020. It focuses on the most important pragmatic topics including:
Discourse Construction Tests (DCTs)
The test for discourse completion (DCT) is a widely used instrument in the field of pragmatic research. It has many advantages, but also some disadvantages. For instance the DCT is unable to account for cultural and personal differences in communicative behavior. Additionally, the DCT can be biased and may lead to overgeneralizations. Therefore, it is important to analyze it carefully before using it for research or assessment purposes.
Despite its limitations the DCT can be a useful tool to investigate the connection between prosody, information structure, and non-native speakers. Its ability to use two or more stages to manipulate social variables related to politeness can be a strength. This can assist researchers study the role of prosody in communicating across cultural contexts, a key issue in cross-cultural pragmatics.
In the field of linguistics the DCT has become one of the most significant tools for analyzing learners' communication behaviors. It can be used to investigate various issues that include politeness, turn taking, and lexical choices. It can be used to determine the phonological complexity of learners speaking.
Recent research has used an DCT as tool to evaluate the refusal skills of EFL students. Participants were presented with a variety of scenarios to choose from and were then asked to select the appropriate response. The researchers discovered that the DCT to be more effective than other refusal methods like a questionnaire or video recordings. However, they cautioned that the DCT should be used with caution and include other methods for 프라그마틱 정품확인방법 collecting data.
DCTs can be designed with specific linguistic criteria, such as the form and content. These criteria are based on intuition and based on the assumptions of the test developers. They aren't always precise, and they could incorrectly describe the way in which ELF learners actually refuse requests in real-world interactions. This issue requires further research on alternative methods of assessing the ability to refuse.
A recent study examined DCT responses to requests submitted by students via email with those gathered from an oral DCT. The results revealed that the DCT encouraged more direct and traditionally form-based requests, and a lesser use of hints than email data did.
Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs)
This study examined Chinese learners making pragmatic choices when using Korean. It used various experimental tools including Discourse Completion Tasks, metapragmatic questions, and Refusal Interviews. The participants were 46 CLKs of upper-intermediate who participated in MQs, DCTs, and RIs. They were also asked to reflect on their evaluation and refusal performances in RIs. The results revealed that CLKs often chose to resist native Korean pragmatic norms. Their decisions were influenced by four factors such as their personality and multilingual identities, their current life experiences and their relationships. These findings have pedagogical implications for L2 Korean assessment.
The MQ data were analysed to identify the participants' rational choices. The data was classified according to Ishihara (2010)'s definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, 프라그마틱 무료스핀 we compared their selections with their linguistic performance on the DCTs in order to determine if they were indicative of a pragmatic resistance. Interviewees were also required to explain the reasons for choosing an atypical behavior in certain situations.
The results of the MQs, DCTs and z-tests were analysed using descriptive statistics and Z tests. It was found that CLKs frequently used euphemistic responses such as "sorry" and "thank you." This was likely due to their lack of experience with the target language, which led to a lack of understanding of korea pragmatic norms. The results revealed that CLKs' preferences for converging to L1 or diverging from both L1 and L2 pragmatic norms differed based on the DCT situations. In situations 3 and 프라그마틱 정품확인방법 12 CLKs preferred diverging from both L1pragmatic norms - and L2-pragmatic norms while in Situation 14, CLKs preferred convergence to L1 norms.
The RIs also revealed that the CLKs were aware their pragmatism in every DCT situation. The RIs were conducted in a one-to-one manner within two days after participants had completed the MQs. The RIs were transcribed and recorded by two coders independent of each other, were then coded. The coders worked in an iterative manner by the coders, re-reading and discussing each transcript. The coding results were then compared to the original RI transcripts, which gave an indication of how the RIs accurately portrayed the core behavior.
Refusal Interviews (RIs)
One of the major questions in pragmatic research is why learners decide to rescind native-speaker pragmatic norms. Recent research sought to answer this question using various experiments, including DCTs MQs and RIs. The participants were comprised of 46 CLKs, 44 CNSs and 45 KNSs from five Korean universities. The participants were asked to complete the DCTs and MQs either in their L1 or L2 levels. Then, they were invited to attend a RI where they were asked consider their responses to the DCT situations.
The results showed that on average, the CLKs rejected native-speaker pragmatic norms in over 40% of their responses. They did this even though they were able to create patterns that resembled native speakers. In addition, they were aware of their pragmatic resistance. They attributed their choices to learner-internal factors like their identities, personalities and multilingual identities as well as ongoing life experiences. They also referred external factors, such as relational advantages. For example, they described how their relationships with professors helped facilitate more relaxed performance in relation to the intercultural and linguistic norms of their university.
The interviewees expressed concern about the social pressures and penalties they could face in the event that their local social norms were not followed. They were concerned that their native interlocutors might view them as "foreigners" and 프라그마틱 정품확인방법, Http://Ccwcworkcomp.Org/Lt/Cgi-Bin/Cvimagetrack.Dll/Link?L=Https://Pragmatickr.Com/, think they were incompetent. This concern was similar to the concerns expressed by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009).
These results suggest that native speakers' pragmatic norms are not the default preference for Korean learners. They may still be useful as a model for official Korean proficiency tests. But it is advisable for future researchers to revisit their relevance in specific scenarios and in various cultural contexts. This will help them better understand the effects of different cultural environments on the classroom behavior and interactions of students from L2. This will also assist educators to create better methods for teaching and testing Korean pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi is principal advisor for Stratways Group, a geopolitical risk consultancy based in Seoul.
Case Studies
The case study method is a research method that focuses on in-depth, participant-centered investigations to study a specific subject. This method utilizes multiple data sources like documents, interviews, and observations, to support its findings. This type of investigation is useful for examining complicated or unique subjects that are difficult to quantify using other methods.
In a case study, the first step is to clearly define the subject and the goals of the study. This will allow you to determine which aspects of the subject are important to study and which are best left out. It is also beneficial to study the literature that is relevant to the topic to gain a better knowledge of the subject and to place the case study in a broader theoretical context.
This case study was based on an open source platform that is the KMMLU leaderboard [50] and its Korean-specific benchmarks, HyperCLOVA X and LDCC-Solar (figure 1 below). The results of the study showed that L2 Korean learners were particularly susceptible to the influence of native models. They were more likely to select incorrect answers, which were literal interpretations. This was a departure from a precise pragmatic inference. They also showed a distinct tendency to include their own text or "garbage" to their responses. This also lowered the quality of their responses.
Furthermore, the participants of this case study were primarily L2 Korean learners who had reached level 4 on the Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK) at the end of their second or 프라그마틱 슬롯 환수율 프라그마틱 정품확인방법 (1Mailbox.In) third year at university and were aiming for level 6 on their next attempt. They were questioned about their WTC/SPCC, pragmatic awareness, understanding and knowledge of the world.
Interviewees were presented with two hypothetical situations involving an interaction with their counterparts and asked to choose one of the strategies below to use when making an offer. The interviewees were then asked to justify their decision. Most participants attributed their pragmatic opposition to their personalities. TS, for example stated that she was difficult to approach and would not inquire about the health of her co-worker when they were working at a high rate, even though she thought native Koreans would.
In addition to the learner-internal aspects CLKs' awareness of their own resistance to change and the relational affordances they were able to draw from were significant. For instance the RIs from TS and ZL both have cited their relationships with their local professors as a major reason for them to choose to avoid criticising an uncompromising professor (see the second example).
This article reviews all local pragmatic research on Korean published up to 2020. It focuses on the most important pragmatic topics including:
Discourse Construction Tests (DCTs)
The test for discourse completion (DCT) is a widely used instrument in the field of pragmatic research. It has many advantages, but also some disadvantages. For instance the DCT is unable to account for cultural and personal differences in communicative behavior. Additionally, the DCT can be biased and may lead to overgeneralizations. Therefore, it is important to analyze it carefully before using it for research or assessment purposes.
Despite its limitations the DCT can be a useful tool to investigate the connection between prosody, information structure, and non-native speakers. Its ability to use two or more stages to manipulate social variables related to politeness can be a strength. This can assist researchers study the role of prosody in communicating across cultural contexts, a key issue in cross-cultural pragmatics.
In the field of linguistics the DCT has become one of the most significant tools for analyzing learners' communication behaviors. It can be used to investigate various issues that include politeness, turn taking, and lexical choices. It can be used to determine the phonological complexity of learners speaking.
Recent research has used an DCT as tool to evaluate the refusal skills of EFL students. Participants were presented with a variety of scenarios to choose from and were then asked to select the appropriate response. The researchers discovered that the DCT to be more effective than other refusal methods like a questionnaire or video recordings. However, they cautioned that the DCT should be used with caution and include other methods for 프라그마틱 정품확인방법 collecting data.
DCTs can be designed with specific linguistic criteria, such as the form and content. These criteria are based on intuition and based on the assumptions of the test developers. They aren't always precise, and they could incorrectly describe the way in which ELF learners actually refuse requests in real-world interactions. This issue requires further research on alternative methods of assessing the ability to refuse.
A recent study examined DCT responses to requests submitted by students via email with those gathered from an oral DCT. The results revealed that the DCT encouraged more direct and traditionally form-based requests, and a lesser use of hints than email data did.
Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs)
This study examined Chinese learners making pragmatic choices when using Korean. It used various experimental tools including Discourse Completion Tasks, metapragmatic questions, and Refusal Interviews. The participants were 46 CLKs of upper-intermediate who participated in MQs, DCTs, and RIs. They were also asked to reflect on their evaluation and refusal performances in RIs. The results revealed that CLKs often chose to resist native Korean pragmatic norms. Their decisions were influenced by four factors such as their personality and multilingual identities, their current life experiences and their relationships. These findings have pedagogical implications for L2 Korean assessment.
The MQ data were analysed to identify the participants' rational choices. The data was classified according to Ishihara (2010)'s definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, 프라그마틱 무료스핀 we compared their selections with their linguistic performance on the DCTs in order to determine if they were indicative of a pragmatic resistance. Interviewees were also required to explain the reasons for choosing an atypical behavior in certain situations.
The results of the MQs, DCTs and z-tests were analysed using descriptive statistics and Z tests. It was found that CLKs frequently used euphemistic responses such as "sorry" and "thank you." This was likely due to their lack of experience with the target language, which led to a lack of understanding of korea pragmatic norms. The results revealed that CLKs' preferences for converging to L1 or diverging from both L1 and L2 pragmatic norms differed based on the DCT situations. In situations 3 and 프라그마틱 정품확인방법 12 CLKs preferred diverging from both L1pragmatic norms - and L2-pragmatic norms while in Situation 14, CLKs preferred convergence to L1 norms.
The RIs also revealed that the CLKs were aware their pragmatism in every DCT situation. The RIs were conducted in a one-to-one manner within two days after participants had completed the MQs. The RIs were transcribed and recorded by two coders independent of each other, were then coded. The coders worked in an iterative manner by the coders, re-reading and discussing each transcript. The coding results were then compared to the original RI transcripts, which gave an indication of how the RIs accurately portrayed the core behavior.
Refusal Interviews (RIs)
One of the major questions in pragmatic research is why learners decide to rescind native-speaker pragmatic norms. Recent research sought to answer this question using various experiments, including DCTs MQs and RIs. The participants were comprised of 46 CLKs, 44 CNSs and 45 KNSs from five Korean universities. The participants were asked to complete the DCTs and MQs either in their L1 or L2 levels. Then, they were invited to attend a RI where they were asked consider their responses to the DCT situations.
The results showed that on average, the CLKs rejected native-speaker pragmatic norms in over 40% of their responses. They did this even though they were able to create patterns that resembled native speakers. In addition, they were aware of their pragmatic resistance. They attributed their choices to learner-internal factors like their identities, personalities and multilingual identities as well as ongoing life experiences. They also referred external factors, such as relational advantages. For example, they described how their relationships with professors helped facilitate more relaxed performance in relation to the intercultural and linguistic norms of their university.
The interviewees expressed concern about the social pressures and penalties they could face in the event that their local social norms were not followed. They were concerned that their native interlocutors might view them as "foreigners" and 프라그마틱 정품확인방법, Http://Ccwcworkcomp.Org/Lt/Cgi-Bin/Cvimagetrack.Dll/Link?L=Https://Pragmatickr.Com/, think they were incompetent. This concern was similar to the concerns expressed by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009).
These results suggest that native speakers' pragmatic norms are not the default preference for Korean learners. They may still be useful as a model for official Korean proficiency tests. But it is advisable for future researchers to revisit their relevance in specific scenarios and in various cultural contexts. This will help them better understand the effects of different cultural environments on the classroom behavior and interactions of students from L2. This will also assist educators to create better methods for teaching and testing Korean pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi is principal advisor for Stratways Group, a geopolitical risk consultancy based in Seoul.
Case Studies
The case study method is a research method that focuses on in-depth, participant-centered investigations to study a specific subject. This method utilizes multiple data sources like documents, interviews, and observations, to support its findings. This type of investigation is useful for examining complicated or unique subjects that are difficult to quantify using other methods.
In a case study, the first step is to clearly define the subject and the goals of the study. This will allow you to determine which aspects of the subject are important to study and which are best left out. It is also beneficial to study the literature that is relevant to the topic to gain a better knowledge of the subject and to place the case study in a broader theoretical context.
This case study was based on an open source platform that is the KMMLU leaderboard [50] and its Korean-specific benchmarks, HyperCLOVA X and LDCC-Solar (figure 1 below). The results of the study showed that L2 Korean learners were particularly susceptible to the influence of native models. They were more likely to select incorrect answers, which were literal interpretations. This was a departure from a precise pragmatic inference. They also showed a distinct tendency to include their own text or "garbage" to their responses. This also lowered the quality of their responses.
Furthermore, the participants of this case study were primarily L2 Korean learners who had reached level 4 on the Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK) at the end of their second or 프라그마틱 슬롯 환수율 프라그마틱 정품확인방법 (1Mailbox.In) third year at university and were aiming for level 6 on their next attempt. They were questioned about their WTC/SPCC, pragmatic awareness, understanding and knowledge of the world.
Interviewees were presented with two hypothetical situations involving an interaction with their counterparts and asked to choose one of the strategies below to use when making an offer. The interviewees were then asked to justify their decision. Most participants attributed their pragmatic opposition to their personalities. TS, for example stated that she was difficult to approach and would not inquire about the health of her co-worker when they were working at a high rate, even though she thought native Koreans would.
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