Gazzaniga (Ed.), the Cognitive Neurosciences (Pp > 자유게시판

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Episodic memory is the title given to the capacity to consciously remember personally experienced events and situations. It's one among the key psychological (cognitive) capacities enabled by the brain. In the prototypical act of exercising the capability of episodic memory one may remember a recent trip to Paris, mentally reliving events that occurred there, in the mind’s eye seeing again the places visited, sights seen, sounds heard, aromas smelled, and folks met. Memory is an umbrella time period that covers a variety of various types of acquisition, retention, and use of habits, abilities, knowledge, and experience. Those that examine memory have discovered it helpful to assume that totally different forms of studying and memory are subserved by totally different memory systems--organized collections of neurocognitive parts that work together to carry out capabilities that other collections of components can't perform, or can not carry out as effectively. An important objective of analysis has to do with the identification of these memory techniques, specification of their properties, and delineation of the nature of the relations among them.

Traditionally, the most fundamental distinction is that between procedural memory (an motion system that's expressed by means of behavior; e.g., when riding a bicycle) and declarative memory (a cognitive system that's expressed by means of propositional data; e.g., when taking a classroom check). Each procedural and declarative memory are seen as consisting of a lot of subdivisions (Eichenbaum & Cohen, 2001; Schacter & Tulving, 1994; Schacter, Wagner, & Buckner, MemoryWave 2000; Squire, 1992; Squire & Kandel, 1999; Squire & Zola, 1998). This text describes a idea of episodic memory, one of the 2 assumed subdivisions of declarative memory. Nonetheless, as a result of the idea of episodic memory might be only incompletely understood in isolation of the opposite assumed subdivision of declarative memory, semantic memory--the system that permits us to acquire and retain factual knowledge about the world (e.g., realizing that Paris is a nice metropolis to go to in the springtime) and from which episodic memory is thought to have advanced, a lot of the discussion will give attention to episodic memory in relation to semantic memory.

In this article, the time period ‘episodic memory’ refers to a unique memory system (or capacity) of the mind. Nonetheless, that is not the only that means of episodic memory that one will find within the literature. For instance, the time period is often used to explain the precise experience (content) that comes to mind when exercising the capacity of episodic memory and the accompanying feeling (phenomenology) that one is at present reliving that earlier expertise. In the curiosity of clarity, this article will discuss with the contents of episodic memory as ‘remembered experiences’ and the phenomenological experience as ‘remembering.’ An analogous difficulty exists in relation to the concept of semantic memory. Presently, the time period ‘semantic memory’ also stands for a capacity of the brain. In accordance with the theory of episodic memory, the assumed evolutionary sequence of episodic memory growing out of semantic memory is mirrored in the worldwide, monohierarchical relation between the 2.

That's, episodic memory shares with semantic memory many options that distinguish each of them (i.e., all of declarative memory) from different main subdivisions of memory, yet it also possesses options that it does not share with another memory system, together with semantic memory (Mishkin, Suzuki, Gadian, & Vargha-Khadem, 1997; Tulving, 1995). The monohierarchical relation additionally implies that episodic memory depends upon semantic memory in its operations and cannot perform without related parts of semantic memory, whereas semantic memory does not depend upon episodic memory in its operations and can function with out episodic memory. This type of a relation between the 2 memory programs mimics many other related relations within the living world. As a single instance, consider the relation between a visual system that has no sense of colour and a visual system that does: The latter has all the pieces that the former has, plus extra. What makes episodic memory special is that it makes attainable mental time journey into the previous, in addition to into the long run, as might be seen below.

No different memory system has the identical capacity, no less than not within the sense that episodic memory does. Each techniques enable the organism to find out about facets of its world that are not immediately current. Encoded info (memory traces) could also be multimodal (polymodal). Storage of encoded data is transmodal: both remembered experiences and MemoryWave knowledge will be stored unbiased of the modality by which they have been acquired. Storage of knowledge is highly structured. Storage of knowledge is highly delicate to context. Saved information is representational (isomorphic) with what is or might be in the world. Entry to stored info during retrieval is versatile, inside limits. Behavioral expression of what's retrieved is optional and not obligatory. Thus, it is possible to hold the retrieved data online, and simply contemplate it. Retrieval of data in each programs requires consciousness. It is not potential to immediately retrieve information from either episodic or semantic memory nonconsciously. In fact, various processes that underlie the retrieval of remembered experiences and knowledge may take place past aware consciousness.